HAK ASASI MANUSIA [PENGERTIAN, SEJARAH, DASAR HUKUM, LEMBAGA PERLINDUNGAN]

HAK ASASI MANUSIA


PENGERTIAN HAK ASASI MANUSIA
Secara umum Hak Asasi Manusia adalah hak-hak dasar yang dimiliki manusia sejak lahir sebagai kodrat dan merupakan anugerah Tuhan. Bahkan ada juga yang mengartikan Hak Asasi Manusia adalah Hak yang dimiliki oleh manusia setelah ada tanda tanda kehidupan.
Beberapa pendapat yang memberikan pengertian Hak Asasi Manusia [HAM] :
1. UU No. 39/1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia menyatakan bahwa Hak Asasi Manusia adalah seperangkat hak yang melekat pada hakekat dan keberadaan manusia sebagai makhluk Tuhan.
2. Piagam PBB [The Declaration of Human Right] bahwa Hak Asasi Manusia adalah hak yang dimiliki oleh setiap manusia dan berhak dimiliki karena ia adalah manusia.
3. Deklarasi Wina, Hak Asasi Manusia adalah hak yang dibawa manusia sejak lahir.
4. Prof. Dr. Mariam Budiharjo; Hak Asasi Manusia adalah hak yang dimiliki manusia yang telah diperoleh dan dibawa bersamaan dengan kelahirannya dalam kehidupan masyarakat.

SEJARAH LAHIRNYA HAK ASASI MANUSIA
1. Magna Charta [1215]
Magna Charta di Inggris, memuat :
  a. Seorang tidak boleh dipenjarakan [dihukum] dengan tidak ada vonis yang sah menurut hukum.
  b. Suatu pajak/cukai tidak boleh dinaikkan dengan tidak ada persetujuan sebuah dewan yang di dalamnya duduk kaum bangsawan, kaum pendeta, dan rakyat jelata.
2. Petition of Rights [1628]
Suatu dokumen yang lahir karena tuntutan rakyat duduk di House of Commons [parlemen] kepada Raja Charles III.
3. Bill of Rights [1629]
Undang-undang yang diterima parlemen Inggris setelah mengadakan revolusi tidak berdarah kepada Raja James II [Peristiwa kemenangan parlemen atas Raja] yang isinya tentang hak-hak dan kebenaran warga Negara.
4. Revolusi Amerika [1776]
Tuntutan adanya hak setiap orang untuk hidup merdeka [Declaration of Independence].
5. Revolusi Perancis [1789]
Bahwa manusia dilahirkan sama dalam keadaan merdeka dan memiliki hak-hak yang sama. Terkenal
dengan symbol Liberte [kemerdekaan], Egalite [persamaan], Franternite [persaudaraan]
6. The Four Freedom [1941]
Franklin D. Roosevelt [Presiden Amerika Serikat] merumuskan tentang :
  a. Freedom of speech and expression [Kebebasan berbicara dan berpendapat]
  b. Freedom of Worship [Kebebasan beribat]
  c. Freedom from fear [Kebebasan dari rasa takut]
  d. Freedom from want [Kebebasan dari kemelaratan]
7. Universal Declaration of Human Rights [Pernyataan sedunia tentang Hak Asasi Manusia]
Hak kebebasan politik, hak social, hak beristirahat dan liburan, hak akan tingkat penghidupan yang    
cukup bagi penjagaan kesehatan, keselamatan diri sendiri dan keluarga, serta hak asasi pendidikan
[10 Desember 1948]

NORMA [PENGERTIAN, MACAM, FUNGSI, PRINSIP]

NORMA

PENGERTIAN NORMA
Sebuah norma adalah sebuah aturan, patokan atau ukuran, yaitu sesuatu yang bersifat pasti dan tidak berubah. Dengan adanya norma kita dapat memperbandingkan sesuatu hal lain yang hakikatnya, ukurannya, serta kualitasnya kita ragukan. Norma berguna untuk menilai baik-buruknya tindakan masyarakat sehari-hari. Sebuah norma bisa bersifat objektif dan bisa pula bersifat subjektif. BIla norma objektif adalah norma yang dapat diterapkan diterapkan secara langsung apa adanya, maka norma subjektif adalah norma yang bersifat moral dan tidak dapat emmberikuan ukuran atau patokan yang memadai.


MACAM DAN PRINSIP NORMA

1. Norma Agama
Norma Agama ialah peraturan hidup yang harus diterima manusia sebagai perintah-perintah, larangan-larangan dan ajaran-ajaran yang bersumber dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa. Norma Agama bersifat abadi dan universal. Pelanggaran terhadap norma ini akan mendapat hukuman dari Tuhan Yang Maha Esa berupa "siksa" kelak di akhirat.

2. Norma Kesusilaan
Norma Kesusilaan ialah peraturan hidup yang berasal dari suara hati sanubari manusia. Pelanggaran norma kesusilaan ialah pelanggaran perasaan yang berakibat penyesalan. Norma kesusilaan bersifat umum dan universal, dapat diterima oleh seluruh umat manusia. Norma ini berfungsi sebagai penyempurnaan manusia agar menjadi lebih baik dan bermoral.

3. Norma Kesopanan
Norma Kesopanan ialah norma yang timbul dan diadakan oleh masyarakat itu sendiri untuk mengatur pergaulan sehingga masing-masing anggota masyarakat saling hormat menghormati. Akibat dari pelanggaran terhadap norma ini ialah dicela sesamanya, karena sumber norma ini adalah keyakinan masyarakat yang bersangkutan itu sendiri. Norma ini juga sering disebut Sopan Santun, Tata Krama, atau Adat Istiadat.
Norma Kesopanan tidak berlaku bagi seluruh masyarakat dunia, melainkan bersifat khusus dan setempat[regional] dan hanya berlaku bagi segolongan masyarakat tertentu saja.

4. Norma Hukum
Norma Hukum ialah peraturan-peraturan yang timbul dan dibuat oleh lembaga kekuasaan negara. Isinya mengikat setiap orang dan pelaksanaanya dapat dipertahankan dengan segala paksaan oleh alat-alat negara, sumbernya bisa berupa peraturan perundang-undangan, yurisprudensi, kebiasaan, doktrin, dan agama. Norma ini bersifat memaksa dan sanksinya berupa ancaman hukuman.

Ada 2 prinsip hukum yang harus dijadikan pegangan oleh setiap warga negara, yaitu :
1. Adanya supremasi [kekuasaan tertinggi] pada aturan-aturan hukum, artinya tidak ada kekuasaan sewenang-wenang dan seseorang hanya boleh dihukum kalau melanggar hukum.
2. Kedudukan yang sama dihadapan hukum, baik untuk orang biasa maupun pejabat. Artinya siapapun mempunya kedudukan yang sama didepan hukum, tanpa memandang pangkat, status dan kekayaannya. Semua harus tunduk pada peraturan hukum.


FUNGSI NORMA
Adanya norma dalam kehidupan di masyarakat sangat diperlukan hal ini dikarenakan untuk menciptakan suatu keteraturan, ketertiban, dan kedamaian, sebab tanpa adanya aturan/norma dapat menimbulkan konflik kepentingan antar warga.
Dalam hal ini fungsi norma adalah :

  • Untuk menyelesaiakan konflik
  • Menciptakan ketertiban/keteraturan
  • Memenuhi rasa keadilan dan kepastian hukum

DOWNLOAD + LIRIK A CAPELLA COVER: THINKIN 'BOUT YOU [MIKE TOMPKINS]



DOWNLOAD [2, 22 MB]

A tornado flew around my room before you came
Excuse the mess it made, it usually doesn't rain
In Southern California, much like Arizona
My eyes don't shed tears, but, boy, they pour

When I'm thinkin' 'bout you
(Ooh, no, no, no)
I've been thinkin' 'bout you
(You know, know, know)
I've been thinkin' 'bout you
Do you think about me still?
Do ya, do ya?

Or do you not think so far ahead? (Ahead)
'Cause I been thinkin' 'bout forever (Oooh)

Or do you not think so far ahead? (Ahead)
'Cause I been thinkin' 'bout forever (Oooh)
No, I don't like you, I just thought you were cool
Enough to kick it
Got a beach house I could sell you in Idaho
Since you think I don't love you, I just thought you were cute
That's why I kissed you
Got a fighter jet, I don't get to fly it though

I'm lyin' now thinkin' 'bout you
(Ooh, no, no, no)
I've been thinkin' 'bout you
(You know, know, know)
I've been thinkin' 'bout you
Do you think about me still?
Do ya, do ya?

Or do you not think so far ahead? (Ahead)
'Cause I been thinkin' 'about forever (Oooh)

Or do you not think so far ahead? (Ahead)
'Cause I been thinkin' 'about forever (Oooh)

"Originally performed by Frank Ocean"

DOWNLOAD + LIRIK A CAPELLA COVER: PARTY IN THE USA [MIKE TOMPKINS]


DOWNLOAD [2, 32 MB]

I hopped off the plane at L.A.X. with a dream and my cardigan
Welcome to the land of fame, excess, whoa! am I gonna fit in?
I jumped in the cab, here I am for the first time
Look to my right, and I see the Hollywood sign

This is all so crazy, everybody seems so famous
My tummy's turnin' and I'm feelin' kinda homesick
Too much pressure and I'm nervous
That's when the taxi man turned on the radio

And the Jay-Z song was on
And the Jay-Z song was on
And the Jay-Z song was on

So I put my hands up, they're playin' my song
The butterflies fly away
I'm noddin' my head like Yeah!
Movin' my hips like Yeah!

Got my hands up, they're playin' my song
And now I'm gonna be okay
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!

Get to the club in my taxi cab
Everybody's lookin' at me now
Like who's that chick that's rockin' kicks
She's gotta be from out of town

So hard with my girls not around me
It's definitely not a Nashville party
'Cause all I see are stilettos
I guess I never got the memo

My tummy's turnin' and I'm feelin' kinda homesick
Too much pressure and I'm nervous
That's when the DJ dropped my favorite tune

And the Britney song was on
And the Britney song was on
And the Britney song was on

So I put my hands up, they're playin' my song
The butterflies fly away
I'm noddin' my head like Yeah!
Movin' my hips like Yeah!

Got my hands up, they're playin' my song
And now I'm gonna be okay
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!

Feel like hoppin' on a flight
Back to my hometown tonight
Something stops me every time
The DJ plays my song and I feel alright

So I put my hands up, they're playin' my song
The butterflies fly away
I'm noddin' my head like Yeah!
Movin' my hips like Yeah!

Got my hands up, they're playin' my song
And now I'm gonna be okay
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!

So I put my hands up, they're playin' my song
The butterflies fly away
I'm noddin' my head like Yeah!
Movin' my hips like Yeah!

Got my hands up, they're playin' my song
And now I'm gonna be okay
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!
Yeah! It's a party in the USA!


♪ Originally performed by Miley Cyrus ♪

DOWNLOAD + LIRIK A CAPELLA COVER: WE ARE YOUNG [MIKE TOMPKINS]


DOWNLOAD [3, 78 MB]

Give me a second I,
I need to get my story straight
My friends are in the bathroom
Getting higher than the Empire State
My lover she's waiting for me
Just across the bar
My seat's been taken by some sunglasses
Asking about a scar and...

I know I gave it to you months ago
I know you're trying to forget
But between the drinks and suddle things
The holes in my apologies
You know, I'm trying hard to take it back

So if by the time the bar closes
And you feel like falling down
I'll carry you ho-o-ome

Tonight,
We are young;
So let's set the world on fire,
we can burn brighter,
Than the sun

Tonight
We are young
So let's set the world on fire
We can burn brighter,
Than the sun
Now I know that I'm not
All that you got
I guess that I
I just thought maybe we could find new ways to fall apart
But our friends are back
So let's raise a cup
Cause I found someone to carry me home

Tonight
We are young
So let's the set the world on fire
We can burn brighter
Than the sun

Tonight
We are young
So let's set the world on fire
We can burn brighter
Than the sun

Carry me home tonight (nanananannanana)
Just carry me home tonight (nanananannanana)
Carry me home tonight (nanananannanana)
Just carry me home tonight (nanananannanana)

The world is on my side (nanananannanana)
I have no reason to run (anananananananan
So will someone come and carry me home tonight (nananananana)
The angels never arrived( nananananananan)
But I can hear the choir (nanannananananan)
So will someone come and carry me home (anananana)

Tonight
We are young
So let's set the world on fire
We can burn brighter
Than the sun

Tonight
We are young
So let's set the world on fire
We can burn brighter
Than the sun

So, if by the time
the bar closes,
and you feel like falling down,
i'll carry you home,

...............................Tonight...............................

"Originally performed by FUN"

DOWNLOAD + LIRIK A CAPELLA COVER: PRETTY YOUNG THING [MIKE TOMPKINS]



DOWNLOAD [3, 51 MB]

You know, I always wanted a girl just like you
Such a P.Y.T., pretty young thing, ooh!

Where did you come from lady?
And ooh won't you take me there?
Right away, won't you baby?
Tendoroni you've got to be
Spark my nature, sugar fly with me

Don't you know now is the perfect time
We can make it right, hit the city lights
Then tonight ease the lovin' pain
Let me take you to the max!

I want to love you
(P.Y.T.)
Pretty young thing
You need some lovin'
(T.L.C.)
Tender lovin' care
And I'll take you there, girl, hoo!

I want to love you
(P.Y.T.)
Pretty young thing
You need some lovin'
(T.L.C.)
Tender lovin' care
And I'll take you there
Yes, I will, ooh!

Nothin' can stop this burnin' desire to be with you
Gotta get to you baby
Won't you come? It's an emergency
Cool my fire yearnin', honey, come set me free

But don't you know now is the perfect time
We can dim the lights, just to make it right
In the night, hit the lovin' spot
I'll give you all that I've got

I want to love you
(P.Y.T.)
Pretty young thing
You need some lovin'
(T.L.C.)
Tender lovin' care
And I'll take you there
Yes, I will, yes I will

I want to love you
(P.Y.T.)
Pretty young thing
You need some lovin'
(T.L.C.)
Tender lovin' care
And I'll take you there
Yes, I will, hee!

Pretty young things
You make me sing
Pretty young things
You make me sing

Pretty young things, Repeat after me
Sing na na na, na na na
Na na-na na, na na-na na
Sing, na na na, na na na
Na-na na-na na, na-na na-na na
I'll take you there, take you there

I want to love you
(P.Y.T.)
Pretty young thing
You need some lovin'
(T.L.C.)
Tender lovin' care
And I'll take you there
Take you there, take you there

I want to love you
(P.Y.T.)
Pretty young thing
You need some lovin'
(T.L.C.)
Tender lovin' care
And I'll take you there
Take you there

I got it
PYT
I got it
TLC

I got it
PYT
I got it
TLC

"Originally performed by Michael Jackson"

DOWNLOAD + LIRIK A CAPELLA COVER: FIREWORK [MIKE TOMPKINS]



DOWNLOAD [3, 29 MB]

Do you ever feel
Like a plastic bag
Drifting through the wind
Wanting to start again

Do you ever feel
Feel so paper-thin
Like a house of cards
One blow from caving in

Do you ever feel
Already buried deep
Six feet under
Screams but no one seems to hear a thing

Do you know that there's
Still a chance for you
'Cause there's a spark in you
You just gotta

Ignite the light
And let it shine
Just own the night
Like the Fourth of July

Baby, you're a firework
Come on show them what you're worth
Make them go, "Oh, oh, oh"
As you shoot across the sky

Baby, you're a firework
Come on let your colors burst
Make them go, "Oh, oh, oh"
You're gonna leave them all in awe

You don't have to feel
Like a waste of space
You're original
Cannot be replaced

If you only knew
What the future holds
After a hurricane
Comes a rainbow

Maybe the reason why
All the doors are closed
So you could open one
That leads you to the perfect road

Like a lightning bolt
Your heart will glow
And when it's time you know
You just gotta

Ignite the light
And let it shine
Just own the night
Like the Fourth of July

Baby, you're a firework
Come on show them what you're worth
Make them go, "Oh, oh, oh"
As you shoot across the sky

Baby, you're a firework
Come on let your colors burst
Make them go, "Oh, oh, oh"
You're gonna leave them all in awe

Boom, boom, boom
Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon
It's always been inside of you, you, you
And now it's time to let it through

Baby, you're a firework
Come on show them what you're worth
Make them go, "Oh, oh, oh"
As you shoot across the sky

Baby, you're a firework
Come on let your colors burst
Make them go, "Oh, oh, oh"
You're gonna leave them all in awe

Boom, boom, boom
Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon
Boom, boom, boom
Even brighter than the moon, moon, moon

"Originally performed by Katy Perry"

DOWNLOAD + LIRIK A CAPELLA COVER: ON TOP OF THE WORLD [MIKE TOMPKINS & PETER HOLLENS]



DOWNLOAD [2, 18 MB]

If you love somebody
Better tell them while they're here because
They just may run away from you

You'll never know quite went well
Then again it just depends on
How long of time is left for you

I've had the highest mountains
I've had the deepest rivers
You can have it all but life keeps moving

I take it in but don't look down

'Cause I'm on top of the world, eh
I'm on top of the world, eh
Been waiting on this for a while now
Paying my dues to the dirt
I've been waiting to smile, eh
Been holding it in for a while, eh
Take you with me if I can
Been dreaming of this since a child
I'm on top of the world.

I've tried to cut these corners
Try to take the easy way out
I kept on falling short of something

I coulda gave up then but
Then again I couldn't have cause
I've traveled all this way for something

I take it in but don't look down

'Cause I'm on top of the world, eh
I'm on top of the world, eh
Been waiting on this for a while now
Paying my dues to the dirt
I've been waiting to smile, eh
Been holding it in for a while, eh
Take you with me if I can
Been dreaming of this since a child
I'm on top of the world.

Oh
Oh,oh
Oh
Oh,oh

'Cause I'm on top of the world, eh
I'm on top of the world, eh
Been waiting on this for a while now
Paying my dues to the dirt
I've been waiting to smile, eh
Been holding it in for a while, eh
Take you with me if I can
Been dreaming of this since a child

And I know it's hard when you're falling down
And it's a long way up when you hit the ground
Get up now,
Get up,
Get up,
Get up,
Get up now.
Get up, hey

And I know it's hard when you're falling down
And it's a long way up when you hit the ground
Get up now,
Get up,
Get up,
Get up,
Get up now.
Get up,

'Cause I'm on top of the world, eh
I'm on top of the world, eh
Been waiting on this for a while now,
Paying my dues to the dirt 
I've been waiting to smile, eh
Been holding it in for a while, eh
Take you with me if I can 
Been dreaming of this since a child 
I'm on top of the world

"Originally performed by Imagine Dragons"